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This is the question that many keep asking on each passing day with some not getting the comprehensive answer that they seek for while others always get the answer, but probably decide not to take the answer as true. When we talk of a USB cable, we are talking about the wire that passes current from the charger to the device such as a mobile phone that is being charged and this basic function of a USB cable cord is something that can determine how fast or slow that the charging can be.


How fast or slow that the USB can be is always dependent on the amount of current that passes through the charger to the phone and have almost little to do with the USB cable itself and that is the reason even when we have a cord that is always slow, it gets better when we use a fast charger on it. Another thing that can weaken the performance of a USB cable port is when the owner of the mobile phone is making use of it especially on the internet when the phone is charging. This can weaken the performance of the charger and make the phone charge at a very slow rate as well.
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I used to think that all USB cords are the same until one day when I tried to use one to transfer files from my laptop to my smartphone and to my greatest surprise, my smartphone was never recognized. I tried everything I could to help the laptop to recognize my smartphone all to no avail. This was when a friend of mine asked me to change the USB cable and try his own cord, immediately my smartphone was recognized.
This incident led me to asking several questions about why that happened and I was made to understand that there are fake or low quality USB cables which can never give you excellent service like original cables. The low quality cables will either be very slow when they are used to charge smartphone or it wouldn't even charge at all, rather it would be discharging.
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The various factors taht determine USB cable charging rate are:

-The size of the power wires inside the USB cable determines the amount of power the USB cable can carry,for example a standard  cable is rated  28 gauge and is capable of 0.5 Amperes. However other sizes exist like 24 gauge which is capable of 2 amperes or more. The amount of current a wire can transfer is limited by its size or gauge.

-The length of the cable will also affect its rate of charging , longer cables will create greater current flow  resistance which reduces the cables ability to charge faster.

-the quality of connectors in the USB will also affect current flow, if they are of poor quality ,rusted or broken this will reduce their ability conduct electricity at full capacity.this may be caused by accumulated stress or wear due to usage over time.
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Both the wire gauge of power conductors ( The thickness of the conductor) and the length of the cable will result in longer charging times. It's interesting to note that the USB 2.0 Battery charging spec mandates the usual +5 V and at least 1.5 A. 
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The speed of charging a device from a USB data cable depends on the type of cable used and the power output of the device. USB cables are categorized into different versions which are related to the speed at which they can transmit data. The higher the version, the faster the data transmission and the faster the charging speed. Additionally, the power output of the device also plays an important role in determining the charging speed. Higher power output devices will charge faster than lower power output devices.
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 USB data cable decides the speed of charging by measuring the power going into and coming out of the cable and then sends a message to the device saying the cable has been over-charging.
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There are several factors of the USB cable that can affect the charging speed including the length, the gauge (thickness) of the internal wire as well as the quality of the wire. In general, if all the other factors are maintained constant, the longer the cable, the longer the charging time.
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When we talk of a USB cable, we are talking about the wire that passes current from the charger to the device such as a mobile phone that is being charged and this basic function of a USB cable cord is something that can determine how fast or slow that the charging can be.
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