A heart rate monitor typically works by detecting electrical signals produced by the heart during each heartbeat. This can be done either through electrodes placed on the skin (such as in chest straps or wristbands) or through optical sensors that detect changes in blood flow (such as in smartwatches or fitness trackers). The monitor then calculates the heart rate based on the time between these signals. Some monitors may also use other factors, such as age and gender, to provide more accurate readings.