Markhors are typically found in groups, although the size and composition of these groups can vary. Here are some key points about Markhor social behavior:
1. **Mixed-Sex Groups**: Markhors often form mixed-sex groups consisting of both males and females. These groups are known as "mixed groups" and may include adult females, young males, and sometimes a dominant adult male.
2. **Harem Groups**: During the breeding season, adult males may establish harem groups, which consist of a dominant male and a group of females that he defends and mates with. These groups are typically smaller and temporary, forming for reproductive purposes.
3. **Solitary Individuals**: While group living is common, Markhors can also be solitary at times. Subordinate males or solitary individuals might move independently, especially outside the breeding season.
4. **Social Behavior**: In group settings, Markhors display social behaviors such as grooming, mutual vigilance, and vocalizations. These behaviors help with communication and the detection of potential threats.
5. **Territorial Behavior**: Dominant males establish and defend territories during the breeding season, which can influence the size and structure of mixed and harem groups.
Markhors' social structure and group dynamics can vary depending on factors such as season, population density, and available resources. During the breeding season, competition for access to females can lead to more pronounced social hierarchies and temporary harem groups. Outside of the breeding season, group dynamics may be more relaxed.