Kiwis inhabit a variety of forested habitats, from lowland to high alpine regions, including temperate rainforests, scrublands, and grasslands. Different species of kiwi have specific habitat preferences. For example, the North Island brown kiwi (Apteryx mantelli) prefers subtropical and temperate forests, while the little spotted kiwi (Apteryx owenii) prefers coastal and lowland forest habitats. However, all species of kiwi are threatened by habitat loss and fragmentation due to human activities and predation by introduced mammalian predators.