Kiwis are generally solitary birds, and they do not form flocks or other social groups like some other bird species. However, they do form monogamous pair bonds with a mate, and both parents take part in incubating the egg and raising the chick. Kiwis also have overlapping home ranges, and they may interact with each other occasionally during foraging or other activities. During the breeding season, male kiwis will call to attract a mate, and neighboring males may engage in territorial displays to defend their breeding territories.